L’aventure quantique
Casse-tête métaphysique, ce qu’elle nous dit du monde semble totalement contraire à l’entendement, à tel point que beaucoup de chercheurs ne croyaient pas eux-mêmes à leurs hypothèses. Tel Max Plank quand il quantifie la lumière (jusque là considérée comme une onde), ou Paul Dirac lorsqu' il découvre l'antimatière (il en fait même une dépression).
Constatons que la superposition d'état (l'objet quantique est à la fois onde et particule), l'intrication (deux particules qui ont interagi entre elles constituent un tout inséparable et réagissent de la même façon quelle que soit la distance qui les sépare), le saut quantique (les électrons évoluent sur des orbites fixes autour du noyau sans s'effondrer, et peuvent passer de l'une à l'autre par des "sauts" discontinus) ou l'effet tunnel (franchissement d'une barrière de potentiel sans avoir l'énergie nécessaire) sont contre-intuitifs et en dehors du champ de la physique classique.
Comment se fait-il que le monde dans lequel nous évoluons ne fonctionne pas de la même façon ? La réponse se trouve dans le concept de la décohérence quantique. Il établit que dès qu'un système quantique interagit avec son environnement, il subit une décohérence de son état qui le réduit à un seul état, cette fois bien défini. Cette réduction est irréversible. Et donc méfions-nous de ceux qui nous vantent les mérites de la médecine ou autres pseudosciences quantiques. Ce principe de décohérence est d'ailleurs le frein majeur à l’ordinateur quantique car les propriétés d'intrication ou de superposition utilisées via des qubits (quantum bits) ont toute chance de se dégrader au contact des perturbations environnementales.
Si les scientifiques ont pu élaborer le modèle standard et faire de cette discipline l'une des théories les plus précises et les plus vérifiées de la science, c'est grâce aux mathématiques. Car les phénomènes physiques du monde quantique ne peuvent être décrits que par des outils mathématiques abstraits qui peuvent avoir un nombre de dimensions sans commune mesure avec les nôtres.
Ces phénomènes se produisent grâce aux quatre forces répertoriées par la science : l'interaction nucléaire forte qui "soude" les quarks pour former l'atome, l'interaction nucléaire faible qui gère certains processus de radioactivité et est à l'origine de la fusion nucléaire dans les étoiles, l'interaction électromagnétique (à noter que la lumière fait partie des objets électromagnétiques) et la gravitation, toutes deux mieux connues parce que faisant partie de notre vie de tous les jours.
Les porteurs de force
Les chercheurs ne se sont pas contentés de les répertorier, ils ont voulu savoir comment elles apparaissaient. Ils ont élaboré à cet effet la théorie quantique des champs. Elle explique que si les particules subatomiques existent et interagissent entre elles dans l'espace-temps, c'est parce qu'elles baignent dans des champs énergétiques. Autrement dit, le vide n'est pas vide. Ces champs transmettent leur énergie au moyen de particules quantiques (appelés bosons de jauge) qui sont les porteurs de ces forces régissant l'univers. Respectivement : le gluon pour l'interaction forte, les bosons Z et W pour l'interaction faible, les photons virtuels pour l'interaction électromagnétique et le graviton (non encore découvert contrairement aux précédents) pour la gravitation.
Vers l'animavers ?
Revenons au casse-tête métaphysique. Il n'a pas échappé aux chercheurs que la Vie était une force bien présente dans l'univers[1] et ce depuis le Big Bang, époque où elle a commencé sa structuration, c'est-à-dire son organisation et sa complexification, en contradiction avec la seconde loi de la thermodynamique, laquelle stipule que l'entropie de l'univers, cette tendance à la désorganisation et à l’éparpillement de l’énergie, ne cesse de croître[2].
Poursuivons le parallèle avec les interactions "scientifiques". Ne pourrait-on pas imaginer que l'interaction de Vie émane elle aussi d'un porteur de force mystérieux qui baignerait dans un champ énergétique non moins mystérieux que nous appellerions "esprit" ? Et que l'univers entier baignerait dans un animavers, champ de vie à sa dimension[3] ?
Et nos actions ne seraient-elles pas, elles aussi, déterminées avant tout par les porteurs de force que sont nos émotions ?
Notes
[1] Schrodinger par exemple, père de la fonction d'onde, a écrit un livre qui s'intitule : "Qu'est-ce que la Vie ?"
[2] Cette capacité qu'à la Vie de maintenir l'équilibre intérieur d'un système quelles que soient les contraintes extérieures, a pour nom homéostasie.
[3] Cette conclusion rejoint l'intuition de l'anima mundi__, essence spirituelle qui imprégnerait le monde, émise par plusieurs philosophes tels Pythagore, Platon ou Abélard. Mais aussi l'animisme des peuples premiers qui prête une âme à toutes les manifestations de la nature.

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